Prevalence of elective cosmetic surgery and its relationship with socioeconomic and mental health: A cross-sectional study in west of Iran.

Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and desire towards performing elective cosmetic surgery and its relationship with socioeconomic, mental, and spiritual health in Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan province in the west of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 492 subjects in Sanandaj using multistage sampling method. Data collection tools included two checklists and two questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and multiple logistics regression model by the help of SPSS software version 20. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 32.58 (9.67) years. The prevalence of cosmetic surgery and the desire to perform it were 12.8% (n = 63) and 19.1% (n = 94), respectively. The most common type of cosmetic surgery was rhinoplasty with 5.5% (n = 27). The prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders among people with cosmetic surgery and people willing to perform cosmetic surgery was significantly higher than all subjects (p < 0.001). Female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-3.68) and having mild (OR = 3.01 95% CI: 1.06-3.68) and moderate to severe symptoms of mental disorder (OR = 7.59; 95% CI: 3.90-14.75) were among the influential variables on performing cosmetic surgery. Conclusion: Both the prevalence and desire towards performing cosmetic surgery are high in Sanandaj and this needs the attention of health policy makers. Designing targeted interventions with an emphasis on the findings of this study is proposed to reduce these practices.

Predictors of personality disorders in prisoners.

Personality disorders can lead to difficult social or occupational functional processes rooted in chronic maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This study aimed to investigate factors of personality disorder in prisoners from the central prison of Sanandaj, Iran. We conducted a cross-sectional study, which included all prisoners in the central prison of Sanandaj, Iran. The study sample includes 343 prisoners, of which 329 were male, and 14 were female, selected by randomized multistage sampling method. Participants filled in Millon's multi-axis clinical questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Chi-square, multiple logistic regression, and bootstrap analysis. There were 183 participants without personality disorders (53.4%) and 99 participants (28.9%) with cluster B personality disorders (narcissistic, histrionic, anti-social, and borderline). Male gender (OR=0.07) and elementary education level (OR=0.18) have a significant relationship with cluster A personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal). Cluster B has a significant relationship only with the elementary education level (OR=0.27). Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder) has a significant relationship with male gender (OR=0.20), elementary education level (OR=0.30), unemployment (OR=2.64), theft crime types (OR=0.38) and disputes and assaults (OR=0.18). Based on these results, psychological and psychiatric interventions in prisoners are suggested.

Social Capital of Parents of Children and Adolescents and Its Relation to Psychiatric Disorders; A Population-Based Study.

Social capital is a complex concept that is considered an effective factor in the development of societies. Considering the importance of burdens of psychiatric disorders in Iran, we studied the relationship between various dimensions of social capital of parents of children and adolescents and psychiatric disorders among them. In this cross-sectional study, 18,940 parents of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years old were randomly selected from all provinces of Iran and were evaluated by the Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III (MCMI-III) and a modified version of Nahapiet and Ghoshal questionnaire. MCMI-III was designed as a self-report tool for investigating psychiatric clinical disorders and personality traits in the general population. Modified Nahapiet and ghoshal questionnaire has 20 items and measures four components of social capital included trust, values, communication, and collaboration. Validity and reliability of both questionnaires have been approved in Iran. In the regression model, the relationship between social capital components and clinical and sever clinical syndromes, in the form of regression weight and standard weight for trust was - 0.558 and - 0.062 with p value less than 0.0001, and for values was - 0.466 and - 0.057, respectively, with p value less than 0.0001. There was a reverse correlation between social capital components of parents of children and adolescents and psychiatric disorders in Iran. In regression statistical models, the two components of values and trust were negative predictors of psychiatric disorders. Considering the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran, it seems that the strengthening of cognitive and structural aspects of social capital of parents of children and adolescents is one of the effective factors in reducing the prevalence of these disorders among them.

Burnout, compassion for others and fear of compassion: a quantitative study in Iranian nurses

Abstract Introduction Occupational burnout in nurses is a barrier to job promotion and achievement of job-related goals, resulting in reduced hospital performance. Objective Considering the importance of the role of compassion in occupational burnout among nurses, this cross-sectional study aimed to explore the burnout levels and their relationships with compassion for others and fear of compassion. Methods This descriptive correlation study was carried out with 216 nurses who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method and asked to respond to the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a compassion for others scale and Fears of Compassion Scales (FCS), which includes three subscales; fears of compassion for self, compassion for others, and compassion from others. Results The results showed that burnout had a negative correlation with compassion for others, but had positive correlations with fear of compassion for others, fear of compassion from others, and fear of self-compassion. Moreover, the results of regression analysis showed that 21% of burnout variance was explained by compassion for others and 29% of its variance was explained by fears of compassion scales. Conclusion Based on the findings, compassion can be considered as a protective factor in preventing burnout among nurses.

The effect of hypnosis on pain relief due to injection of dental infiltration anesthesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Dental patients often experience the fear of pain induced by injectable anesthesia. This study aimed to investigate the impact of hypnosis on relieving the pain of injected dental infiltration anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 32 healthy volunteers to assess the pain perception in mucosal injection. The visual analog scale was applied for the measurement of one-sided pain intensity in the maxilla without hypnosis. When hypnosis was implemented, the same procedure was performed on the other side of the maxilla reversely within one session. RESULTS: Hypnosis implementation significantly decreased the intensity of the perceived pain before anesthesia injection (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypnosis before the injection of dental infiltration anesthesia could decrease the pain intensity caused by the injection. Therefore, hypnosis therapy is recommended as an effective approach to pain control for anesthesia injection.

The prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and related factors among COVID-19 patients in Kurdistan Province, Iran (2020).

The emergence of mental health problems during a pandemic is a major concern of healthcare systems. This cross-sectional, analytical study was performed on 1072 patients with COVID-19 disease without pre-existing mental disorders in Kurdistan Province in 2020 to obtain the frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress using a valid, standard electronic depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 questionnaire. Data analyses were conducted in SPSS Version 23 using logistic regression modeling. The mean age of the participants was 31.91 ± 10.28 years and 543 subjects (50.7%) were female. The prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression was 51.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 48.7-54.7), 64.3% (95% CI: 61.3-67.1), 61.4% (95% CI: 58.4-64.2), respectively. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was higher in the employees and retirees compared to the unemployed and homemakers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the frequency of stress (odds ratio [OR]: 1.36, P = 0.01) and depression (OR: 1.3, P = 0.04) in patients who undertook severe protection measures was significantly higher than those who used lower. The patients with COVID-19 experienced high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Therefore, it is essential to provide psychological and psychiatric services to these patients electronically or face to face at health centers.

Effect of female genital mutilation on mental health: a case-control study.

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the mental health status of women with female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and compare it with that of a similar group of women without FGM/C.Methods: A case-control study was carried out in 2018 among 122 women with FGM/C and 125 women without FGM/C who had been referred to one of the general health service centres in Kermanshah Province, western Iran. The 28 item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used to collect data on participants' mental health. A multivariate logistic model with odds ratios (ORs) was used to determine the relationship of independent variables with the outcome variable, mental health status.Results: The mean age of the FGM/C and control groups was 35.7 (standard deviation [SD] 8.6) and 31.3 (SD 7.2) years, respectively. According to the GHQ-28 questionnaire, 65.6% (n = 80) of the FGM/C group and 52% (n = 65) of the control group had symptoms of a mental health disorder; the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = .03). The prevalence of severe depression in the FGM/C group was significantly higher than in the control group (p = .021). Multivariate logistic regression showed that having a history of FGM/C (adjusted OR 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 3.05) and being in employment (adjusted OR 3.46; 95% CI 1.23, 9.74) had a significant effect on presentation with symptoms of a mental health disorder (p < .05).Conclusion: Women who suffer from FGM/C are more vulnerable to mental health disorders such as depression.

Effect of omega-3 plus methylphenidate as an alternative therapy to reduce attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children.

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common chronic behavioral disorders in school-aged children. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of omega-3 supplementation as an alternative therapy for ADHD, which can be caused by vitamin and mineral deficiencies. METHODS: This was a double-blinded clinical trial study. Sixty-six children with ADHD (aged 6-12 years) referred to our child and adolescent psychiatric educational and therapeutic clinic were selected based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria. Instruments including the Parent ADHD Rating Scale were used to assess ADHD at 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks during the study. RESULTS: The results showed no statistically significant difference between the methylphenidate with omega-3 group and methylphenidate with placebo group based on the Parents ADHD Rating Scale between week 0 (P≥0.96) and week 8 (P≥0.75). There were no significant intergroup differences between the Inattention (P≥0.48) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (P≥0.80) subscale scores on the Parents ADHD Rating Scale. The most common drug complications in the methylphenidate with placebo and methylphenidate with omega-3 groups were anorexia (27 [54%] vs. 41 [60.29%], respectively) and diarrhea (10 [20%] vs. 8 [11.76%], respectively), but the differences were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that a specific dose of omega-3 for 8 weeks had no effect on ADHD.

The effect of memantine in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: Hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit are common neurological disorders in children and adolescents. The symptoms of hyperactivity are decreased in adults, and attention deficit is more noticeable. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of memantine on adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a double-blind clinical trial study, 40 patients aged 18 to 45 years with ADHD were selected on the basis on the Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria, and randomly assigned memantine or placebo. Before starting the treatment, Conners' screening questionnaire was completed for each patient, and the subjects were entered the study after acquiring minimum acceptable score in the questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean age of patients who were receiving memantine and placebo was about 34.7 ± 4.48 and 31.5 ± 7.4 years, respectively. The results have shown a significant difference in the behavior and attention deficit between the two groups treated with memantine and placebo during 6 weeks (p < 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in the third and sixth weeks between treatment groups in hyperactivity and attention deficit index (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that memantine was effective in reducing symptoms of Inattention/Memory Problems, Hyperactivity/Restlessness, Impulsivity/Emotional Lability.

Predictors of Smoking among the Secondary High School Boy Students Based on the Health Belief Model.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for health and also health problems, such as heart diseases, especially for young people. This study aimed to investigate the effect of factors related to smoking among the secondary high school students in the city of Marivan (Kurdistan-Iran), in 2015, based on the constructs of health belief model (HBM). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 470 secondary high school students in Marivan in 2015. The samples were selected by random cluster sampling. A question with four sections was used to collect data (demographic questions, knowledge section, attitude section, and questions related to e constructs of HBM). RESULTS: According to the results, the correlation of smoking was stronger with attitude (r = 0.269 and odds ratio = 0.89) but weaker with perceived barriers (r = 0.101). There was not a significant correlation between smoking behavior and knowledge of the harms of smoking (r = -0.005). Moreover, Cues to action was effective predictor of smoking behavior (r = 0.259). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that the prevalence of smoking in the studied sample is somewhat lower than other regions of Iran, but it should be noted that if no interventions are done to prevent smoking in this age group. The findings of the study also showed that the structure of attitudes, self-efficacy, and Cues to action are the strongest predictors of smoking among students. Albeit, attitude was strongest predictor of smoking that shows the prevalence of smoking can be reduced by focusing in this part. Considering the mean age of participants (16/2 ± 0.25 years), that shows the riskiest period for smoking is 16 years and authorities can make change in policies of cigarette selling only for over 18 years.